Genetic marker
The human genome consists of some 25,000 protein–encoding genes that serve to create an individual. In humans, the genome is based on 23 chromosome pairs, one of which determines an individual's sex whilst the remaining 22 contain other genetic material. The capacity to map or sequence the human genome has long been considered one of the most important pursuits in genetic research and, in 2003, the Human Genome Project, which was set up by the US Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health for this very purpose, was finally completed. The Human Genome Project is crucial for understanding genetic information on a large scale and, using its research, it is now a much easier task to predict and diagnose those people who might be vulnerable to certain diseases. Furthermore, greater understanding of the human genome results in a greater capability to treat existing illnesses, especially those relating to genetic disorders. Ultimately, one day, it may even be possible to cure genetic illnesses in utero.
A significant process of understanding the human genome is that of genome mapping. Traditionally, genome mapping was only made possible by observing specific genetic markers (a DNA sequence that has a specific location on a chromosome and can be associated with a particular gene). Genetic markers are especially useful for establishing relationships between a particular disease and its genetic cause. Furthermore, genetic markers are fundamental to genetic engineering, which may provide effective treatment for diseases and genetic disorders in the future. Common genetic markers include RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), which is fundamental to genetic fingerprinting, and SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism), which identifies the development of diseases.
